Available GIS toolkits? [closed]

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We are considering using ESRI's ArcGIS Engine to write an application with some GIS features. The GIS toolkit features that we are primarily concerned with are:

• 3D visualization: Blend elevation data with raster or vector data.
• Embed GIS functionality within a custom UI / application (QT4 preferred)
• Function without an internet connection (local data caching or geodatabase)
• Create new features (point, line, polygon) and store them in a geodatabase.
• Overlay images over map data and update them frequently.
• Good interoperability with C++
• Cross-platform: Windows, Mac, and Linux

The initial goals for this project are relatively limited, but will likely be expanded in the future -- doing some image processing that incorporates geospatial data, for example.

In addition to ESRI's ArcGIS Engine, we're also looking at using:

• NASA World Wind
• GRASS GIS

It appears that Intergraph has a large number of GIS software products, but it's not yet clear whether they sell an equivalent to the ArcGIS Engine toolkit.

Are there other options worth considering? Insights or opinions on the options already mentioned?

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In addition to GRASS

• Mapnik is a C++ cross-platform mapping toolkit that runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux
• Quantum GIS can be customised in Python.
• If you'd consider Java, you could use GeoTools or OpenJump
• You could check out these lists of open source desktop GIS software: OSGeo and SpatialServer.

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If you can drop the cross-platform requirement for Windows-only, then Manifold System would be a good choice. Very affordable and easy to use with modern development tools on Windows.

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DotSpatial doesn't tick all of your boxes, but I know there have been some Mono+DotSpatial discussions. It might be worth checking on the state of that work.

Also checkout spatialite for a local cache.