Programming with assertions in Java

I wonder if a lot of people program in Java with assertions. I think this can be very useful on large projects without enough written contracts or outdated contracts. Particularly when you use webservices, components, etc.

But I have never seen any project using assertions (except in JUnit/testing tests...).

I've noticed that the thrown class is an Error and not an Exception. Why do they choose an error? Can it be because an exception could be unexpectedly caught and not logged/rethrown?

If you develop an application with components, I wonder where you put the assertions:

• On the compone开发者_运维技巧nt side, just before returning the data through the public API?
• On the component client side? And if the API is called everywhere you set up a facade pattern that will call the assertion mechanism? (Then I guess you put your assertions and facade on some external project and your client projects will depend on this assertion project?)

I understand how to use assertions, and when use them, but just wonder if some people have recommendations based on a real experience of assertions.

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By the way, do you refer to assert in Java?

I personally find assertions especially useful for invariants. Take into account that assertion checking is turned off by default in Java. You have to add the -ea flag to enable assertion checking.

In other words, you can test your application in a kind of debug mode, where the program will halt once an assertion is broken. On the other hand, the release application will have its assertion turned off and will not incur time penalty for assertion checking. They will be ignored.

In Java, assertions are far less powerful than exceptions and have totally different meanings. Exceptions are there when something unexpected happens and you have to handle it. Assertions are about the correctness of your code. They are here to confirm that what 'should be' is indeed the case.

My rough policy, especially when working with many developers:

• public methods: always check arguments and throw IllegalArgumentException when something is wrong
• private methods: use assertions to check arguments against null pointers and so on
• complex methods: intermediate assertions to ensure that the intermediate results satisfy requested properties

...but actually, I use them sparsingly. Just where it's critical or error-prone places.

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About the minor usage of asserts, I think that was a bad decision to make assertions disabled by default.

About extending Error I suppose it extends Error because Errors are exceptions that are not expected to be caught. And that way, when in your code you have catch(Exception), the assertion isn't cached.

And about usage, the best place is in precoditions, postconditions or in the middle of the code in any invariant you want to check.

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In my opinion, errors in Java should be treated as an Exception. Therefore I would enable assertions in development and in private methods to check that my code is running fine and don't pass invalid values to private methods.

Since those checks should be made in public methods, I wouldn't not check again in private methods.

In order to disable assertions:

-da flag in compiler

In my opinion, in public methods you should check and manage the exception or log them yourself.

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Assertions should not be used outside tests because they can be turned off in a production environment, which may cause serious problems due to the lack of proper checking.

However, I've seen statement that it is allowed to use them to check parameters in private methods. That's because you assume that data which managed to reach to your private method is correct and if it isn't application may fail hard.