Appending turns my list to NoneType [duplicate]

This question already has answers here: Why do these list operations (methods: clear / extend / reverse / append / sort / remove) return None, rather than the resulting list? (5 answers) Closed 4 months ago.

In Python Shell, I entered:

aList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']  
for i in aList:  
    print(i)

and got

a  
b  
c  开发者_JAVA技巧
d  

but when I tried:

aList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']  
aList = aList.append('e')  
for i in aList:  
    print(i) 

and got

Traceback (most recent call last):  
  File "<pyshell#22>", line 1, in <module>  
    for i in aList:  
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable  

Does anyone know what's going on? How can I fix/get around it?

---

list.append is a method that modifies the existing list. It doesn't return a new list -- it returns None, like most methods that modify the list. Simply do aList.append('e') and your list will get the element appended.

---

Delete your second line aList = aList.append('e') and use only aList.append("e"), this should get rid of that problem.

---

Generally, what you want is the accepted answer. But if you want the behavior of overriding the value and creating a new list (which is reasonable in some cases^), what you could do instead is use the "splat operator", also known as list unpacking:

aList = [*aList, 'e']
#: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

Or, if you need to support python 2, use the + operator:

aList = aList + ['e']
#: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

---

^ There are many cases where you want to avoid the side effects of mutating with .append(). For one, imagine you want to append something to a list you've taken as a function argument. Whoever is using the function probably doesn't expect that the list they provided is going to be changed. Using something like this keeps your function "pure" without "side effects".

---

Sometimes this error appears when you forgot to return a function at the end of another function and passed an empty list, interpreted as NoneType.

from this:

def func1():
  ...
  func2(empty_list)

def func2(list):
  ...
  # use list here but it interpreted as NoneType

to this:

def func1():
  ...
  return func2(empty_list)
    
def func2(list):
  ...
  # use list here, it will be interpreted as an empty List