C++ operator overloading and implicit conversion

I have a class that encapsulates some arithmetic, let's say fixed point calculations. I like the idea of overloading arithmetic operators, so I write the following:

class CFixed
{
   CFixed( int   );
   CFixed( float );
};

CFixed operator* ( const CFixed& a, const CFixed& b )
{ ... }

It all works. I can write 3 * CFixed(0) and CFixed(3) * 10.0f. But now I realize, I can implement operator* with an integer operand much more effective. So I overload it:

CFixed operator* ( 开发者_运维问答const CFixed& a, int b )
{ ... }
CFixed operator* ( int a, const CFixed& b )
{ ... }

It still works, but now CFixed(0) * 10.0f calls overloaded version, converting float to int ( and I expected it to convert float to CFixed ). Of course, I can overload a float versions as well, but it seems a combinatorial explosion of code for me. Is there any workaround (or am I designing my class wrong)? How can I tell the compiler to call overloaded version of operator* ONLY with ints?

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You should overload with float type as well. Conversion from int to user-specified type (CFixed) is of lower priority than built-in floating-integral conversion to float. So the compiler will always choose function with int, unless you add function with float as well.

For more details, read 13.3 section of C++03 standard. Feel the pain.

It seems that I've lost track of it too. :-( UncleBens reports that adding float only doesn't solve the problem, as version with double should be added as well. But in any case adding several operators related to built-in types is tedious, but doesn't result in a combinatorial boost.

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If you have constructors which can be invoked with just one argument, you effectively created an implicit conversion operator. In your example, wherever a CFixed is needed, both an int and a float can be passed. This is of course dangerous, because the compiler might silently generate code calling the wrong function instead of barking at you when you forgot to include some function's declaration.

Therefore a good rule of thumb says that, whenever you're writing constructors that can be called with just one argument (note that this one foo(int i, bool b = false) can be called with one argument, too, even though it takes two arguments), you should make that constructor explicit, unless you really want implicit conversion to kick in. explicit constructors are not used by the compiler for implicit conversions.

You would have to change your class to this:

class CFixed
{
   explicit CFixed( int   );
   explicit CFixed( float );
};

I have found that there are very few exceptions to this rule. (std::string::string(const char*) is a rather famous one.)

Edit: I'm sorry, I missed the point about not allowing implicit conversions from int to float.

The only way I see to prevent this is to provide the operators for float as well.

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Assuming you'd like the specialized version to be picked for any integral type (and not just int in particular, one thing you could do is provide that as a template function and use Boost.EnableIf to remove those overloads from the available overload set, if the operand is not an integral type.

#include <cstdio>
#include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_integral.hpp>

class CFixed
{
public:
   CFixed( int   ) {}
   CFixed( float ) {}
};

CFixed operator* ( const CFixed& a, const CFixed&  )
{ puts("General CFixed * CFixed"); return a; }

template <class T>
typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_integral<T>, CFixed>::type operator* ( const CFixed& a, T  )
{ puts("CFixed * [integer type]"); return a; }

template <class T>
typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_integral<T>, CFixed>::type operator* ( T , const CFixed& b )
{ puts("[integer type] * CFixed"); return b; }


int main()
{
    CFixed(0) * 10.0f;
    5 * CFixed(20.4f);
    3.2f * CFixed(10);
    CFixed(1) * 100u;
}

Naturally, you could also use a different condition to make those overloads available only if T=int: typename boost::enable_if<boost::is_same<T, int>, CFixed>::type ...

As to designing the class, perhaps you could rely on templates more. E.g, the constructor could be a template, and again, should you need to distinguish between integral and real types, it should be possible to employ this technique.

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How about making the conversion explicit?

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Agree with sbi, you should definitely make your single-parameter constructors explicit.

You can avoid an explosion in the operator<> functions you write with templates, however:

template <class T>
CFixed operator* ( const CFixed& a, T b ) 
{ ... } 

template <class T>
CFixed operator* ( T a, const CFixed& b ) 
{ ... } 

Depending on what code is in the functions, this will only compile with types that you support converting from.