Linq expression. Help mimize code

Please, help minimize the following code: The开发者_如何学Pythonre is a class with dictionary property:

class Foo
{
    public int Field { get; set; }
    public Dictionary<int, bool> dic { get; set; }
}

And a list of Foo instances. I want to get united dictionary from all class instances like that:

...

var items = new List<Foo>
    {
        new Foo {Field = 1, Dic = new Dictionary<int, bool> {{1, true}, {2, false}}},
        new Foo {Field = 2, Dic = new Dictionary<int, bool> {{3, true}, {2, false}}}
    };
    var result = new Dictionary<int, bool>();

    foreach (var dics in items.Select(x => x.Dic))
        foreach (var pair in dics)
            if (!result.ContainsKey(pair.Key))
                result.Add(pair.Key, pair.Value);

    // testing output 
    foreach (var pair in result)
        Console.WriteLine("{0}, {1}", pair.Key, pair.Value);

Is it possible to do this with pure LINQ approach? Thank you in advance!

---

You can use SelectMany to grab and flatten the inner dictionary elements:

var result = items.SelectMany(f => f.Dic)
                  .GroupBy(pair => pair.Key)
                  .ToDictionary(g => g.Key, g => g.First().Value);

edit: If you're feeling brave, this can be improved even further by picking up the DistinctBy method from Jon Skeet's morelinq project. Essentially, the GroupBy step is actually overkill, since all we really want is the first value for each key. If we select only the pairs with distinct keys, we can avoid the grouping and subsequent First call, like so:

var result = items.SelectMany(f => f.Dic)
                  .DistinctBy(pair => pair.Key)
                  .ToDictionary(pair => pair.Key, pair => pair.Value);

---

var result =
    (from item in items
     from pair in item.Dic
     group pair by pair.Key
     ).ToDictionary(g => g.Key, g => g.First().Value);

---

I don't know if Distinct is better but it is shorter to write.

var result = items.SelectMany(d => d.Dic)
                  .Distinct()
                  .ToDictionary(p => p.Key, p => p.Value);

But I actually kind of like using foreach for this.

var result = new Dictionary<int, bool>();

foreach (var dic in items.SelectMany(d => d.Dic))
    result[dic.Key] = dic.Value;