Is Big O(logn) log base e?

For binary search tree type of data structu开发者_高级运维res, I see the Big O notation is typically noted as O(logn). With a lowercase 'l' in log, does this imply log base e (n) as described by the natural logarithm? Sorry for the simple question but I've always had trouble distinguishing between the different implied logarithms.

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Once expressed in big-O() notation, both are correct. However, during the derivation of the O() polynomial, in the case of binary search, only log₂ is correct. I assume this distinction was the intuitive inspiration for your question to begin with.

Also, as a matter of my opinion, writing O(log₂ N) is better for your example, because it better communicates the derivation of the algorithm's run-time.

In big-O() notation, constant factors are removed. Converting from one logarithm base to another involves multiplying by a constant factor.

So O(log N) is equivalent to O(log₂ N) due to a constant factor.

However, if you can easily typeset log₂ N in your answer, doing so is more pedagogical. In the case of binary tree searching, you are correct that log₂ N is introduced during the derivation of the big-O() runtime.

Before expressing the result as big-O() notation, the difference is very important. When deriving the polynomial to be communicated via big-O notation, it would be incorrect for this example to use a logarithm other than log₂ N, prior to applying the O()-notation. As soon as the polynomial is used to communicate a worst-case runtime via big-O() notation, it doesn't matter what logarithm is used.

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Big O notation is not affected by logarithmic base, because all logarithms in different bases are related by a constant factor, O(ln n) is equivalent to O(log n).

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Both are correct. Think about this

log2(n)=log(n)/log(2)=O(log(n))
log10(n)=log(n)/log(10)=O(log(n))
logE(n)=log(n)/log(E)=O(log(n))

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It doesn't really matter what base it is, since big-O notation is usually written showing only the asymptotically highest order of n, so constant coefficients will drop away. Since a different logarithm base is equivalent to a constant coefficient, it is superfluous.

That said, I would probably assume log base 2.

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Yes, when talking about big-O notation, the base does not matter. However, computationally when faced with a real search problem it does matter.

When developing an intuition about tree structures, it's helpful to understand that a binary search tree can be searched in O(n log n) time because that is the height of the tree - that is, in a binary tree with n nodes, the tree depth is O(n log n) (base 2). If each node has three children, the tree can still be searched in O(n log n) time, but with a base 3 logarithm. Computationally, the number of children each node has can have a big impact on performance (see for example: link text)

Enjoy!

Paul

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First you must understand what it means for a function f(n) to be O( g(n) ).

The formal definition is: *A function f(n) is said to be O(g(n)) iff |f(n)| <= C * |g(n)| whenever n > k, where C and k are constants.*

so let f(n) = log base a of n, where a > 1 and g(n) = log base b of n, where b > 1

NOTE: This means the values a and b could be any value greater than 1, for example a=100 and b = 3

Now we get the following: log base a of n is said to be O(log base b of n) iff |log base a of n| <= C * |log base b of n| whenever n > k

Choose k=0, and C= log base a of b.

Now our equation looks like the following: |log base a of n| <= log base a of b * |log base b of n| whenever n > 0

Notice the right hand side, we can manipulate the equation: = log base a of b * |log base b of n| = |log base b of n| * log base a of b = |log base a of b^(log base b of n)| = |log base a of n|

Now our equation looks like the following: |log base a of n| <= |log base a of n| whenever n > 0

The equation is always true no matter what the values n,b, or a are, other than their restrictions a,b>1 and n>0. So log base a of n is O(log base b of n) and since a,b doesn't matter we can simply omit them.

You can see a YouTube video on it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MY-VCrQCaVw

You can read an article on it here: https://medium.com/@randerson112358/omitting-bases-in-logs-in-big-o-a619a46740ca

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Technically the base doesn't matter, but you can generally think of it as base-2.