Python's safest method to store and retrieve passwords from a database

Looking to store usernames and passwords in a database, and am wondering what the safest way to do so is. I know I have to use a salt somewhere, but am not sure how to generate it securely or how to apply it to encrypt the pas开发者_如何学Pythonsword. Some sample Python code would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

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Store the password+salt as a hash and the salt. Take a look at how Django does it: basic docs and source. In the db they store <type of hash>$<salt>$<hash> in a single char field. You can also store the three parts in separate fields.

The function to set the password:

def set_password(self, raw_password):
    import random
    algo = 'sha1'
    salt = get_hexdigest(algo, str(random.random()), str(random.random()))[:5]
    hsh = get_hexdigest(algo, salt, raw_password)
    self.password = '%s$%s$%s' % (algo, salt, hsh)

The get_hexdigest is just a thin wrapper around some hashing algorithms. You can use hashlib for that. Something like hashlib.sha1('%s%s' % (salt, hash)).hexdigest()

And the function to check the password:

def check_password(raw_password, enc_password):
    """
    Returns a boolean of whether the raw_password was correct. Handles
    encryption formats behind the scenes.
    """
    algo, salt, hsh = enc_password.split('$')
    return hsh == get_hexdigest(algo, salt, raw_password)

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I think it is best to use a function dedicated to hashing passwords for this. I explain some reasons for this here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/10948614/893857 Nowadays the standard library has a dedicated section in the documentation for hashing password. It even mentions that you should get your salt from a cryptographically secure random source like os.urandom().

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I answered this here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/18488878/1661689, and so did @Koffie.

I don't know how to emphasize enough that the accepted answer is NOT secure. It is better than plain text, and better than an unsalted hash, but it is still extremely vulnerable to dictionary and even brute-force attacks. Instead, please use a SLOW KDF like bcrypt (or at least PBKDF2 with 10,000 iterations)

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If you have enough control over both endpoints of the application, the absolute best way is using PAK-Z+.

(Edited: the original version recommended SRP but PAK-Z+ has a proof of security.)

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For flask application or any python application you can use the werkzeug WSGI web application library, which provides you the option to generate and decode the password with salt and different types of algorithms in a format like this : method$salt$hash

The default salt length is 16 and algo used is sha256

Eg.

from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash

raw_pwd = 'mySecurePassword'

# genreates the encrypted password
hashed_pwd = generate_password_hash(raw_pwd)

# to verify the password
print(check_password_hash(hashed_pwd, raw_pwd)) # return boolean value after validating password

you can read more about werkzeug security here : https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/en/2.0.x/utils/#module-werkzeug.security

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Here is a simpler way (taken from effbot), provided passwords with a length greater than 8 will not be a problem*:

import crypt

import random, string

def getsalt(chars = string.letters + string.digits):
    # generate a random 2-character 'salt'
    return random.choice(chars) + random.choice(chars)

for generate the password :

crypt.crypt("password", getsalt())

*: A password with a length greater than 8 is stripped from the right down to 8 chars long