Unit Conversion in Python

I'm working on a project that lets users track different data types over time. Part of the base idea is that a user should be able to enter data using any units that they need to. I've been looking 开发者_如何学Cat both units:

http://pypi.python.org/pypi/units/

and quantities:

http://pypi.python.org/pypi/quantities/

However I'm not sure the best way to go. From what I can tell, quantities is more complex, but includes a better initial list of units.

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I applaud use of explicit units in scientific computing applications. Using explicit units is analogous brushing your teeth. It adds some tedium up front, but the type safety you get can save a lot of trouble in the long run. Like, say, not crashing $125 million orbiters into planets.

You should also probably check out these two other python unit/quantity packages:

Unum

Scientific.Physics.PhysicalQuantity

I once investigated Scientific.Physics.PhysicalQuantity. It did not quite meet my needs, but might satisfy yours. It's hard to tell what features you need from your brief description.

I ended up writing my own python package for unit conversion and dimensional analysis, but it is not properly packaged for release yet. We are using my unit system in the python bindings for our OpenMM system for GPU accelerated molecular mechanics. You can browse the svn repository of my python units code at:

SimTK python units

Eventually I intend to package it for distribution. If you find it interesting, please let me know. That might motivate me to package it up sooner. The features I was looking for when I was designing the SimTK python units system included the following:

1. Units are NOT necessarily stored in terms of SI units internally. This is very important for me, because one important application area for us is at the molecular scale. Using SI units internally can lead to exponent overflow in commonly used molecular force calculations. Internally, all unit systems are equally fundamental in SimTK.
2. I wanted similar power and flexibility to the Boost.Units system in C++. Both because I am familiar with that system, and because it was designed under the scrutiny of a large group of brilliant engineers. Boost.Units is a well crafted second generation dimensional analysis system. Thus I might argue that the SimTK units system is a third generation system :). Be aware that while Boost.Units is a "zero overhead" system with no runtime cost, all python quantity implementations, including SimTK units, probably exact a runtime cost.
3. I want dimensioned Quantities that are compatible with numpy arrays, but do not necessarily require the python numpy package. In other words, Quantities can be based on either numpy arrays or on built in python types.

What features are important to you?

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Pint has recently come onto the field. Anybody care to share their experiences? Looks good. FYI: It looks like Pint will be integrated with Uncertainties in the near future.

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There is another package called unyt from the yt-project. The authors of unyt acknowledge the existence of Pint and astropy.units. Conversions from and to these other packages is supported.

The selling point of unyt is speed. It is faster than the other two. The unit packages are compared in several benchmarks in this paper.

The benchmarks are disappointing for anyone obsessed with performance. :-( The slowdown of calculations with any of these unit systems is large. The slowdown factor is 6-10 for arrays with 1000 entries (worse for smaller arrays).

Disclaimer: I am not affiliated with unyt, I just want to share what I learned about unit systems.

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Note that quantities has very bad support for temperature:

>>> (100 * pq.degC).rescale(pq.degF)
array(179.99999999999997) * degF
>>> (0 * pq.degC).rescale(pq.degF)
array(0.0) * degF

0 degrees Celsius isn't 0 degrees Fahrenheit. Their framework doesn't support any kind of conversion that isn't just multiplying by a factor.

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I am surprised that nobody mentioned SymPy yet. SymPy is a mature and well-maintained symbolic mathematics library for Python that is moreover a NumFOCUS-sponsored project.

It has a Physics module with many useful classes and functions for "solving problems in physics". Most relevant for you, it has a Unit sub-module that contains everything you need, I think; just read the excellent documentation.

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You may want to look at a new package called natu. It addresses the three issues that @ChristopherBruns listed. It's available in PyPI.

I'm the author of that package, and I'd appreciate any comments or suggestions.

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It looks like another package has come out for doing this as well, written by Massimo DiPierro of web2py fame, called Buckingham.

Also of note, Brian has had something like this for some time.

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Thought to mention the units package which is part of the Astropy package.

It's well maintained, easy to use, and has all the basic units (as well as astrophysics-related units). It provides tools for both units and quantities. And there's also a module for physical constants.

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I'd like to point to a separate library for dealing with units: Barril

https://github.com/ESSS/barril

Docs at: https://barril.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

While it does have support for creating "random" units from computation (such as Pint, unum, etc), it's more tailored to having a database of units (which the library has by default -- see: https://barril.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units.html and the implementation: https://github.com/ESSS/barril/blob/master/src/barril/units/posc.py) and then you can query and transform based on the related units.

One thing it supports that does a lot of difference in that regard is dealing with unit conversions which would be "dimentionless" -- such as m3/m3 (i.e.:volume per volume) and then converting to cm3/m3 and keeping the dimension.

i.e.: in pint:

>>> import pint
>>> ureg = pint.UnitRegistry()
>>> m = ureg.meter
>>> v = 1 \* (m\*3)/(m\*3)
>>> v
<Quantity(1.0, 'dimensionless')>

And then, after that (as far as I know), it's not really possible to do additional unit conversions properly knowing that it was m3/m3.

In barril:

>>> from barril.units import Scalar
>>> a = Scalar(3, 'm3/m3')
>>> a.GetValue('cm3/m3')
3000000.0
>>> a.category
'volume per volume'
>>> a.unit
'm3/m3'

and something as a.GetValue('m3') (with an invalid value) would give an error saying that the conversion is actually invalid.

The unit database (which was initially based on the POSC Units of Measure Dictionary) is a bit more tailored for the Oil & Gas field, but should be usable outside of it too.

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I think you should use quantities, because a quantity has some units associated with it.

Pressure, for example, will be a quantity that could be entered and converted in and to different units (Pa, psi, atm, etc). Probably you could create new quantities specifics for your application.

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I find the units packages to be more than what want. It doesn't take much code to start building your own functions that refer back to the very few basic fundamental numbers. Also, It forces you to do the dimensional analysis to prevent errors.

def FtoC(Tf):
    return (Tf-32)*5/9
def CtoF(Tc):
    return 9*Tc/5+32
def CtoK(Tc):
    return Tc+273.15
def INCHtoCM(Inch):
    return 2.54 * Inch
def CMtoINCH(cm):
    return cm / INCHtoCM(1)
def INCHtoMETER(inch):
    return .01*INCHtoCM(inch)
def FOOTtoMETER(foot):
    return INCHtoMETER(12*foot)
def METERtoINCH(Meter):
    return CMtoINCH(100 * Meter)
def METERtoFOOT(Meter):
    return METERtoINCH(Meter)/12
def M3toINCH3(M3):
    return (METERtoINCH(M3))**3
def INCH3toGALLON(Inch3):
    return Inch3 / 231
def M3toGALLON(M3):
    return INCH3toGALLON(M3toINCH3(M3))
def KG_M3toLB_GALLON(KGperM3):
    return KGtoLBM(KGperM3) / M3toGALLON(1)
def BARtoPASCAL(bar):
    return 100000 * bar
def KGtoLBM(kilogram):
    return kilogram * 2.20462262185
def LBMtoKG(lbm):
    return lbm/KGtoLBM(1)
def NEWTONtoLBF(newton):
    return newton * KGtoLBM(1) * METERtoFOOT(1) / STANDARD_GRAVITY_IMPERIAL()
def LBFtoNEWTON(lbf):
    return lbf * STANDARD_GRAVITY_IMPERIAL() * LBMtoKG(1) * FOOTtoMETER(1)
def STANDARD_GRAVITY_IMPERIAL():
    return 32.174049
def STANDARD_GRAVITY_SI():
    return 9.80665
def PASCALtoPSI(pascal):
    return pascal * NEWTONtoLBF(1) / METERtoINCH(1)**2
def PSItoPASCAL(psi):
    return psi * LBFtoNEWTON(1) / INCHtoMETER(1)**2

Then let's say you want to plot the static head pressure of 1,3 Butadiene @44 F and use gauges in PSI because you live in the US but the density tables are in SI units as they should be........................

# butadiene temperature in Fahrenheit
Tf = 44

# DIPPR105 Equation Parameters (Density in kg/m3, T in K)
# valid in temperature 165 to 424 Kelvin
A=66.9883
B=0.272506
C=425.17
D=0.288139

# array of pressures in psi
Pscale = np.arange(0,5,.1, dtype=float)
Tk = CtoK(FtoC(44))
Density = A / (B**(1+(1-Tk/C)**D)) # KG/M3
Height = [PSItoPASCAL(P) / (Density * STANDARD_GRAVITY_SI()) for P in Pscale]
Height_inch =  METERtoINCH(1) * np.array(Height, dtype=np.single)

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Another package to mention is Axiompy.

Installation: pip install axiompy

from axiompy import Units
units = Units()
print(units.unit_convert(3 * units.metre, units.foot))
>>> <Value (9.84251968503937 <Unit (foot)>)>