Why won't Oracle use my index unless I tell it to?

I have an index:

CREATE INDEX BLAH ON EMPLOYEE(SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(EMPSHIRTNO), 1, 4));

and an SQL STATEMENT:

SELECT COUNT(*) 
  FROM (SELECT COUNT(*) 
          FROM EMPLOYEE 
         GROUP BY开发者_如何学Go SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(EMPSHIRTNO), 1, 4) 
        HAVING COUNT(*) > 100);

but it keeps doing a full table scan instead of using the index unless I add a hint.

EMPSHIRTNO is not the primary key, EMPNO is (which isn't used here).

Complex query

EXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEE
                                        GROUP BY SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(EMPSHIRTNO), 1, 4)
                                       HAVING COUNT(*) > 100);

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1712471557
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation             | Name     | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT      |          |     1 |       |    24   (9)| 00:00:01 |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE       |          |     1 |       |            |          |
|   2 |   VIEW                |          |   497 |       |    24   (9)| 00:00:01 |
|*  3 |    FILTER             |          |       |       |            |          |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   4 |     HASH GROUP BY     |          |   497 |  2485 |    24   (9)| 00:00:01 |
|   5 |      TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMPLOYEE |  9998 | 49990 |    22   (0)| 00:00:01||
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------                             
   3 - filter(COUNT(*)>100)                                                     

17 rows selected.

ANALYZE INDEX BLAH VALIDATE STRUCTURE;

SELECT BTREE_SPACE, USED_SPACE FROM INDEX_STATS;

BTREE_SPACE USED_SPACE
----------- ----------
     176032     150274

Simple query:

EXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT                                                               
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2913724801                                                     

------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
| Id  | Operation         | Name     | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |          |  9998 |   439K|    23   (5)| 00:00:01 |  
|   1 |  TABLE ACCESS FULL| EMPLOYEE |  9998 |   439K|    23   (5)| 00:00:01 |  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------  

8 rows selected.

Maybe it is because the NOT NULL constraint is enforced via a CHECK constraint rather than being defined originally in the table creation statement? It will use the index when I do:

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(EMPSHIRTNO), 1, 4) = '1234';

For those suggesting that it needs to read all of the rows anyway (which I don't think it does as it is counting), the index is not used on this either:

SELECT SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(EMPSHIRTNO), 1, 4) FROM EMPLOYEE;

In fact, putting an index on EMPSHIRTNO and performing SELECT EMPSHIRTNO FROM EMPLOYEE; does not use the index either. I should point out that EMPSHIRTNO is not unique, there are duplicates in the table.

---

Because of the nature of your query it needs to scan every row of the table anyway. So oracle is probably deciding that a full table scan is the most efficient way to do this. Because its using a HASH GROUP BY there is no nasty sort at the end like in oracle 7 days.

First get the count per SUBSTR(...) of shirt no. Its thus first part of the query which has to scan the entire table

SELECT COUNT(*) 
FROM EMPLOYEE 
GROUP BY SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(EMPSHIRTNO), 1, 4)

Next you want to discard the SUBSTR(...) where the count is <= 100. Oracle needs to scan all rows to verify this. Technically you could argue that once it has 101 it doesn't need any more, but I don't think Oracle can work this out, especially as you are asking it what the total numer is in the SELECT COUNT(*) of the subquery.

HAVING COUNT(*) > 100);

So basically to give you the answer you want Oracle needs to scan every row in the table, so an index is no help on filtering. Because its using a hash group by, the index is no help on the grouping either. So to use the index would just slow your query down, which is why Oracle is not using it.

---

I think you may need to build a function-based index on SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(EMPSHIRTNO), 1,4); Functions in your SQL have a tendency to invalidate regular indexes on a column.

---

I believe @Codo is correct. Oracle cannot determine that the expression will always be non-null, and then must assume that some nulls may not be stored in the index.

(It seems like Oracle should be able to figure out that the expression is not nullable. In general, the chance of any random SUBSTR expression always being not null is probably very low, maybe Oracle just lumps all SUBSTR expressions together?)

You can make the index usable for your query with one of these work-arounds:

--bitmap index:
create bitmap index blah on employee(substr(to_char(empshirtno), 1, 4));
--multi-column index:
alter table employee add constraint blah primary key (id, empshirtno);
--indexed virtual column:
create table employee(empshirtno varchar2(10) not null
    ,empshirtno_for_index as (substr(empshirtno,1,4)) not null );
create index blah on employee(empshirtno_for_index);