Is it just Java?
The Android SDK is Java-based.
I am sure there is some ARM-assembly, C and C++ in the mix too for the low level stuff.
Yes, you program in Java, but you can also program in native C with the Native Development Kit.
Remember though, that even though you write Android apps in Java, the code is not compiled to normal Java bytecode. It is instead compiled to Dalvik vm code. This means that you can't use common third party JAR files that are Java bytecode class files.
Android 2.1 SDK - Java
Nexus One uses Android 2.1, and to develop programs for Android, we can use the Java programming language. For advanced usage or more performance, Google provides Native Development Kit, where we can use C to write programs.
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