Best way to save complex Python data structures across program sessions (pickle, json, xml, database, other)

Looking for advice on the best technique for saving complex Python data structures across program sessions.

Here's a list of techniques I've come up with so far:

• pickle/cpickle
• json
• jsonpickle
• xml
• database (like SQLite)

Pickle is the easiest and fastest technique, but my understanding is that there is no guarantee that pickle output will work across various versions of Python 2.x/3.x or across 32 and 64 bit implementations of Python.

Json only works for simple data structures. Jsonpickle seems to correct this AND s开发者_如何学JAVAeems to be written to work across different versions of Python.

Serializing to XML or to a database is possible, but represents extra effort since we would have to do the serialization ourselves manually.

Thank you, Malcolm

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You have a misconception about pickles: they are guaranteed to work across Python versions. You simply have to choose a protocol version that is supported by all the Python versions you care about.

The technique you left out is marshal, which is not guaranteed to work across Python versions (and btw, is how .pyc files are written).

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You left out the marshal and shelve modules.

Also this python docs page covers persistence

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Have you looked at PySyck or pyYAML?

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What are your criteria for "best" ?

• pickle can do most Python structures, deeply nested ones too
• sqlite dbs can be easily queried (if you know sql :)
• speed / memory ? trust no benchmarks that you haven't faked yourself.

(Fine print:
cPickle.dump(protocol=-1) compresses, in one case 15M pickle / 60M sqlite, but can break.
Strings that occur many times, e.g. country names, may take more memory than you expect; see the builtin intern().
)