What is __future__ in Python used for and how/when to use it, and how it works_问答_开发者

__future__ frequently appears in Python modules. I do not understand what __future__ is for and how/when to use it even after reading the Python's __future__ doc.

Can anyone explain with examples?

A few answers regarding the basic usage of __future__ I've received seemed correct.

However, I need to understand one more thing regarding how __future__ works:

The most confusing concept for me is how a current python release includes features for future releases, and how a program using a feature from a future release can be be compiled successfully in the current version of Python.

I am gues开发者_如何转开发sing that the current release is packaged with potential features for the future. However, the features are available only by using __future__ because they are not the current standard. Let me know if I am right.

With __future__ module's inclusion, you can slowly be accustomed to incompatible changes or to such ones introducing new keywords.

E.g., for using context managers, you had to do from __future__ import with_statement in 2.5, as the with keyword was new and shouldn't be used as variable names any longer. In order to use with as a Python keyword in Python 2.5 or older, you will need to use the import from above.

Another example is

from __future__ import division
print 8/7  # prints 1.1428571428571428
print 8//7 # prints 1

Without the __future__ stuff, both print statements would print 1.

The internal difference is that without that import, / is mapped to the __div__() method, while with it, __truediv__() is used. (In any case, // calls __floordiv__().)

Apropos print: print becomes a function in 3.x, losing its special property as a keyword. So it is the other way round.

>>> print

>>> from __future__ import print_function
>>> print
<built-in function print>
>>>

When you do

from __future__ import whatever

You're not actually using an import statement, but a future statement. You're reading the wrong docs, as you're not actually importing that module.

Future statements are special -- they change how your Python module is parsed, which is why they must be at the top of the file. They give new -- or different -- meaning to words or symbols in your file. From the docs:

A future statement is a directive to the compiler that a particular module should be compiled using syntax or semantics that will be available in a specified future release of Python. The future statement is intended to ease migration to future versions of Python that introduce incompatible changes to the language. It allows use of the new features on a per-module basis before the release in which the feature becomes standard.

If you actually want to import the __future__ module, just do

import __future__

and then access it as usual.

__future__ is a pseudo-module which programmers can use to enable new language features which are not compatible with the current interpreter. For example, the expression 11/4 currently evaluates to 2. If the module in which it is executed had enabled true division by executing:

from __future__ import division

the expression 11/4 would evaluate to 2.75. By importing the __future__ module and evaluating its variables, you can see when a new feature was first added to the language and when it will become the default:

>>> import __future__
>>> __future__.division
_Feature((2, 2, 0, 'alpha', 2), (3, 0, 0, 'alpha', 0), 8192)

There are some great answers already, but none of them address a complete list of what the __future__ statement currently supports.

Put simply, the __future__ statement forces Python interpreters to use newer features of the language.

The features that it currently supports are the following:

`nested_scopes`

Prior to Python 2.1, the following code would raise a NameError:

def f():
    ...
    def g(value):
        ...
        return g(value-1) + 1
    ...

The from __future__ import nested_scopes directive will allow for this feature to be enabled.

`generators`

Introduced generator functions such as the one below to save state between successive function calls:

def fib():
    a, b = 0, 1
    while 1:
       yield b
       a, b = b, a+b

`division`

Classic division is used in Python 2.x versions. Meaning that some division statements return a reasonable approximation of division ("true division") and others return the floor ("floor division"). Starting in Python 3.0, true division is specified by x/y, whereas floor division is specified by x//y.

The from __future__ import division directive forces the use of Python 3.0 style division.

`absolute_import`

Allows for parenthesis to enclose multiple import statements. For example:

from Tkinter import (Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text,
    LEFT, DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END)

Instead of:

from Tkinter import Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text, \
    LEFT, DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END

Or:

from Tkinter import Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text
from Tkinter import LEFT, DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END

`with_statement`

Adds the statement with as a keyword in Python to eliminate the need for try/finally statements. Common uses of this are when doing file I/O such as:

with open('workfile', 'r') as f:
     read_data = f.read()

print_function:

Forces the use of Python 3 parenthesis-style print() function call instead of the print MESSAGE style statement.

unicode_literals

Introduces the literal syntax for the bytes object. Meaning that statements such as bytes('Hello world', 'ascii') can be simply expressed as b'Hello world'.

`generator_stop`

Replaces the use of the StopIteration exception used inside generator functions with the RuntimeError exception.

One other use not mentioned above is that the __future__ statement also requires the use of Python 2.1+ interpreters since using an older version will throw a runtime exception.

References

https://docs.python.org/2/library/future.html
https://docs.python.org/3/library/future.html
https://docs.python.org/2.2/whatsnew/node9.html
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255/
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238/
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0328/
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3112/
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0479/

It can be used to use features which will appear in newer versions while having an older release of Python.

For example

>>> from __future__ import print_function

will allow you to use print as a function:

>>> print('# of entries', len(dictionary), file=sys.stderr)

Or is it like saying "Since this is python v2.7, use that different 'print' function that has also been added to python v2.7, after it was added in python 3. So my 'print' will no longer be statements (eg print "message" ) but functions (eg, print("message", options). That way when my code is run in python 3, 'print' will not break."

from __future__ import print_function

print_function is the module containing the new implementation of 'print' as per how it is behaving in python v3.

This has more explanation: http://python3porting.com/noconv.html

One of the uses which I found to be very useful is the print_function from __future__ module.

In Python 2.7, I wanted chars from different print statements to be printed on same line without spaces.

It can be done using a comma(",") at the end, but it also appends an extra space. The above statement when used as :

from __future__ import print_function
...
print (v_num,end="")
...

This will print the value of v_num from each iteration in a single line without spaces.

__future__ is a python module. It was added to avoid confusing existing tools that analyzed import statements and expected to find the modules they’re importing. It was added in version 2.1 so import of __future__ will fail if used prior to version 2.1.

Now see this code:

>>> from __future__ import division
>>> division
_Feature((2, 2, 0, 'alpha', 2), (3, 0, 0, 'alpha', 0), 131072)

The division returned in the format of _Feature(OptionalRelease, MandatoryRelease, CompilerFlag). OptionalRelease and MandatoryRelease are both 5-tuples in form of:

(
 PY_MAJOR_VERSION, # the 2 in 2.1.0a3; an int
 PY_MINOR_VERSION, # the 1; an int
 PY_MICRO_VERSION, # the 0; an int
 PY_RELEASE_LEVEL, # "alpha", "beta", "candidate" or "final"; string
 PY_RELEASE_SERIAL # the 3; an int
)

So in our case, OptionalRelease is 2.2.0a2 and MandatoryRelease is 3.0.0a0.

OptionalRelease tells us the first release when the feature was accepted.

MandatoryRelease predicts when will the feature be part of the language or shows when the feature became part of the language; in releases at or after that, modules no longer need a future statement to use the feature in question, but may continue to use such imports. If MandatoryRelease is None then that planned feature is dropped.

CompilerFlag is the (bitfield) flag that should be passed in the fourth argument to the built-in function compile() to enable the feature in dynamically compiled code. This flag is stored in the compiler_flag attribute on _Feature instances.

After Python 3.0 onward, print is no longer just a statement, its a function instead. and is included in PEP 3105.

Also I think the Python 3.0 package has still these special functionality. Lets see its usability through a traditional "Pyramid program" in Python:

from __future__ import print_function

class Star(object):
    def __init__(self,count):
        self.count = count

    def start(self):
        for i in range(1,self.count):
            for j in range (i): 
                print('*', end='') # PEP 3105: print As a Function 
            print()

a = Star(5)
a.start()

Output:
*
**
***
****

If we use normal print function, we won't be able to achieve the same output, since print() comes with a extra newline. So every time the inner for loop execute, it will print * onto the next line.