Rails 3 finding parents which have no child

In a one to many relationship with no counter cache how can I find parents with no child?

user.rb

has_many :pages

page.rb

belongs_to :user

I've tried

User.includes(:pages).where("pages.user_id is NULL")

This is makin开发者_如何学Pythong trouble in MySQL.

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Try

User.joins("left join pages on pages.user_id = users.id").where("pages.user_id is null")

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One way would be

User.where("(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pages WHERE pages.user_id = users.id) = 0")

But I'm not sure how (in)efficient that would be.

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I believe something like

 User.all(:joins => :comments, :select => "users.*, count(comments.id) as comments_count", :group => "users.id")

might work also...