Count occurrence of element in a list in Scheme?

This is extremely easy if I can 开发者_如何学编程use an array in imperative language or map (tree-structure) in C++ for example. In scheme, I have no idea how to start this idea? Can anyone help me on this?

Thanks,

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Your question wasn't very specific about what's being counted. I will presume you want to create some sort of frequency table of the elements. There are several ways to go about this. (If you're using Racket, scroll down to the bottom for my preferred solution.)

Portable, pure-functional, but verbose and slow

This approach uses an association list (alist) to hold the elements and their counts. For each item in the incoming list, it looks up the item in the alist, and increments the value of it exists, or initialises it to 1 if it doesn't.

(define (bagify lst)
  (define (exclude alist key)
    (fold (lambda (ass result)
            (if (equal? (car ass) key)
                result
                (cons ass result)))
          '() alist))
  (fold (lambda (key bag)
          (cond ((assoc key bag)
                 => (lambda (old)
                      (let ((new (cons key (+ (cdr old) 1))))
                        (cons new (exclude bag key)))))
                (else (let ((new (cons key 1)))
                        (cons new bag)))))
        '() lst))

The incrementing is the interesting part. In order to be pure-functional, we can't actually change any element of the alist, but instead have to exclude the association being changed, then add that association (with the new value) to the result. For example, if you had the following alist:

((foo . 1) (bar . 2) (baz . 2))

and wanted to add 1 to baz's value, you create a new alist that excludes baz:

((foo . 1) (bar . 2))

then add baz's new value back on:

((baz . 3) (foo . 1) (bar . 2))

The second step is what the exclude function does, and is probably the most complicated part of the function.

Portable, succinct, fast, but non-functional

A much more straightforward way is to use a hash table (from SRFI 69), then update it piecemeal for each element of the list. Since we're updating the hash table directly, it's not pure-functional.

(define (bagify lst)
  (let ((ht (make-hash-table)))
    (define (process key)
      (hash-table-update/default! ht key (lambda (x) (+ x 1)) 0))
    (for-each process lst)
    (hash-table->alist ht)))

Pure-functional, succinct, fast, but non-portable

This approach uses Racket-specific hash tables (which are different from SRFI 69's ones), which do support a pure-functional workflow. As another benefit, this version is also the most succinct of the three.

(define (bagify lst)
  (foldl (lambda (key ht)
           (hash-update ht key add1 0))
         #hash() lst))

You can even use a for comprehension for this:

(define (bagify lst)
  (for/fold ((ht #hash()))
            ((key (in-list lst)))
    (hash-update ht key add1 0)))

This is more a sign of the shortcomings of the portable SRFI 69 hashing library, than any particular failing of Scheme for doing pure-functional tasks. With the right library, this task can be implemented easily and functionally.

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In Racket, you could do

(count even? '(1 2 3 4))

But more seriously, doing this with lists in Scheme is much easier that what you mention. A list is either empty, or a pair holding the first item and the rest. Follow that definition in code and you'll get it to "write itself out".

Here's a hint for a start, based on HtDP (which is a good book to go through to learn about these things). Start with just the function "header" -- it should receive a predicate and a list:

(define (count what list)
  ...)

Add the types for the inputs -- what is some value, and list is a list of stuff:

;; count : Any List -> Int
(define (count what list)
  ...)

Now, given the type of list, and the definition of list as either an empty list or a pair of two things, we need to check which kind of list it is:

;; count : Any List -> Int
(define (count what list)
  (cond [(null? list) ...]
        [else ...]))

The first case should be obvious: how many what items are in the empty list?

For the second case, you know that it's a non-empty list, therefore you have two pieces of information: its head (which you get using first or car) and its tail (which you get with rest or cdr):

;; count : Any List -> Int
(define (count what list)
  (cond [(null? list) ...]
        [else ... (first list) ...
              ... (rest list) ...]))

All you need now is to figure out how to combine these two pieces of information to get the code. One last bit of information that makes it very straightforward is: since the tail of a (non-empty) list is itself a list, then you can use count to count stuff in it. Therefore, you can further conclude that you should use (count what (rest list)) in there.

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In functional programming languages like Scheme you have to think a bit differently and exploit the way lists are being constructed. Instead of iterating over a list by incrementing an index, you go through the list recursively. You can remove the head of the list with car (single element), you can get the tail with cdr (a list itself) and you can glue together a head and its tail with cons. The outline of your function would be like this:

• You have to "hand-down" the element you're searching for and the current count to each call of the function
• If you hit the empty list, you're done with the list an you can output the result
• If the car of the list equals the element you're looking for, call the function recursively with the cdr of the list and the counter + 1
• If not, call the function recursively with the cdr of the list and the same counter value as before

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In Scheme you generally use association lists as an O(n) poor-man's hashtable/dictionary. The only remaining issue for you would be how to update the associated element.