Python, how can I change value of a variable in the parent scope? [duplicate]

This question already has answers here: Is it possible to modify a variable in python that is in an outer (enclosing), but not global, scope? (9 answers) 开发者_开发问答 Closed 5 months ago.

for example: assginment statement will declare a new local variable.

foo = 'global'
def func1():
    foo = 'func1'
    def func2():
        foo = 'local variable in func2'

use global declaration will use the foo in global:

def func2():
    global foo
    foo = 'global changed in func2'  #changed the foo value in global scope

how can I change the variable foo in func1 scope?

Thanks for any help.

Edit:

Thank you Brandon Craig Rhodes, I finally understand your meaning.

if there are more than 3 scopes nested, I can store the variable in a list.

foo = ['global', 'function1', 'function2']
def func1():
    foo[1] = 'func1'
    def func2():
        foo[2] = 'func2'
        foo[1] = 'func1 modified in func2'

I just use a global variable actually.

---

so, if there are two functions nested, we can use

nonlocal foo 

and

global foo 

if there are more than three functions nested,

and each function use variables in other functions scope,

why don't we declare a global list variable?

Thank you for all your help!!!

---

In Python 3, I believe, you can use the nonlocal keyword to get permission to modify a variable in an enclosing non-global scope. In Python 2, you cannot reassign foo in an enclosing scope; instead, set foo equal to a mutable object like a list [] and then stick the value you want stored in the list:

def func1():
    foo = [None]
    def func2():
        foo[0] = 'Test'

---

In python 3.0 and above you can use the nonlocal keyword.