I've read through all of the android documentation that I can find but I'm still not clear on whether a button can be added to an application for an android device somewhere outside of开发者_StackOverflow an options/context menu. It seems like all of the menu buttons are only accessible either from a tab bar at the bottom or the menu button on the device. Is this correct?
I'm not sure I understand what you mean, but you can use a Button widget in an activity anywhere you want, just like any other widget type. See:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/Button.html
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